Q
Quantity demanded需求量
The amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase
Quantity equation货币数量方程式
The equation MxV=PxY, which relates the quantity of money, the velocity of money and the dollar value of the economys output of goods and services
Quantity supplied供给量
The amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
Quantity theory of money货币数量论
A theory that asserts that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate; The theory that velocity is constant, so that changes in the money supply lead to proportionale changes in nominal income (which also equals the value of output)
quota rents配额租金
profits that accrue to firms which are allocated the rights to import a good subject to quotas that result from the artificially created scarcity
quotas配额
limits on the amount of foreign goods that can be imported
R
Rational expectations理性预期
The theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future
Real GDP实际GDP
The production of goods and services valued at constant prices
Real exchange rate实际汇率
The rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another
Real interest rate实际利率
The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation
Real variables实际变量
Variables measured in physical units
Recession衰退
A period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment
Regressive tax累退税
A tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Reserve ratio准备金率
The fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves
Reserve requirements法定准备金
Regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits
Reserves准备金
Deposits that banks have received but have not lent out
Rivalness竞争性
The property of a good that one persons use diminishes other peoples use
random walk随机行走
a term used to describe the way prices of stock move, where the next movement cannot be predicted on the basis of previous movements
rationing systems配给制
ways of distributing goods that do not rely on prices, such as queues, lotteries, and coupons
real balance effect实际余额效应
as prices fall, the real value of peoples money holdings increases, and they consume more
real business-cycle theorists实际经济周期理论家
a school of economists who contend that the economys fluctuations have nothing to do with monetary policy but are determined by real forces
real income实际收入
income measured by what it can actually buy, rather than by the amount of money
real product wage实际产品工资
the wage divided by the price of the good being produced
regulatory capture管制俘虏
a term used to describe a situation in which regulators serve the interests of the regulated rather than the interests of consumers
relative performance compensation相对表现补偿
pay (compensation) based on performance on the job relative to others who have similar responsibilities and authority
rent seeking寻租
the name given to behavior that seeks to obtain benefits from favorable government decisions, such as protection from foreign competition
revenue curve收益曲线
the relationship between a firms total output and its revenue
revenues收益
the amount a firm receives for selling its products, equal to the price received multiplied by the quantity sold
right-to-work laws工作权利法
laws that prevent union membership from being a condition of employment
risk averse / loving / neutral厌恶风险/喜爱风险/中性风险
given equal expected returns and different risks risk averse people will choose assets with lower risk, risk loving people will choose assets with higher risk, and risk-neutral individuals will not care about differences in risk
risk premium风险收益
the additional interest required by lenders as compensation for the risk that a borrower may default; more generally, the extra return required to compensate an investor
