“让”都能译成let吗?
如果你们有人住在大城市的话,有没有注意到马路上一群带着黄色安全帽的小学生过马路,有的孩子手里还举着一个小圆牌子,上面有个英文字LET,这是汉语里说的要司机“礼让”的“让”。你们觉得let用在这里好吗?到过英语国家的人,尤其是自己开车的话,是否注意到支路和干道交接处,在支路路旁有块交通标志牌,要求在支路上开车的人让干道上的车,因为这时干道上的车有the right of way(优先通行权),而牌子上却不是let,而是YIELD(让步,让与),汉语的“让”有多种含义,而英语中的let做“让”解时,是allow somebody to do something;表示“允许”的“让”。现在请大家自己做出判断:是孩子们请求司机允许他们通过马路,还是司机见到孩子而主动停车让他们安全通过。另外,下面这些话又应该怎样译成英语:
1、他把客人让进来。
2、警卫不让我进去。
3、店主让我父亲一天干十六个时活。
4、小王让你回电话。
5、大夫让我卧床。
6、她让我在雨里等了两个钟头。
7、请让一让。
8、他是你弟弟,你该让着他点儿。
第一句“他把客人让进来”,这里的“让”是“请”的意思,所以答案应该是He invited the guest in.把let用在第二句是对的;The guard did not let me in.因为这里就是要表达“不允许”的意思。第三句如果用let的话,只能表示父亲甘受剥削,希望店主同意每天工作十六个小时;这里“让”是“迫使”,因此,英语是The shop-owner made my father work 16 hours a day.第四、第五句“小王让你回电话”和“大夫让我卧床”都没有“允许”的意思,两句用asked,expected都行,大夫还可以told或advised me to stay in bed.恐怕没有愿意在雨里等两个小时的人,更没有人希望对方允许他等两个钟头,所以按照习惯第六句应该译成She kept me waiting in the rain as long as two hours.第七句“请让一让”,可以简单地用Excuse me表达就可以,也可以译成Please step aside.第八句“他是你弟弟,你应该让着他点儿”就更没法用let了,它可以译成He is your brother. You ought to humour him a little.如果你们的译文除了第七、八句用现在时,辊的句子是过去时就很好。这里我想特别提醒职务是老师的读者,要时刻注意培养学生的英语时态感。虽然大部分学生懂得一般现在时表示习惯或经常性的动作或状态,但在实践中该用过去时态的时候,更多的却是用现在时。即使句子中没有表示过去的时间状语,只要陈述的动作或状态是一次性的,就应该用过去时态。我注意到有些老师不纠正时态上的不妥,这样久而久之,学生一开口总是用现在时,养成习惯就不好了。
Can“knowledge”be learned?
请看下面这句话错在什么地方?
As we have learned a lot of knowledge from our teachers,we always think of them when we achieve something.(我们从老师那里学到了很多知识,所以每当我们有所成就时总是想到他们。)
在英语实践中常有这种情况:似乎大家都这么说就是对的,实际则不然。上面这句就是个典型的例子。“学知识”这种说法在汉语里经常听到,译成英语就成了learn knowledge.可是在英语里,knowledge不和learn搭配,我们只能用有“得到”意思的动词来搭配,如:get,gain,acquire,也可用表示“扩大”和其他意思的动词,如broaden,enrich,widen,extend,improve等等。因此,这一句的前半句可以改为:As we've broadened our knowledge by learning from our teachers,或者干脆说As we've learned a lot from our teachers.
Sit well引起的思考
我不止一次听到中学老师上课时对学生说“Sit well!”(坐好!“)从语言角度谈,如果一个学生坐的姿势不好,那应该说”Sit straight!“同样,”站好!“也就是”Stand traight!“而不是”Stand well!“而深一步从文化上看,它表明不同国家有着不同的教育习俗。来自西方国家的老师或教育家参观我们的学校时,惊奇地发现有的40学生多分钟内手一直放在背后,挺着胸听课,认为如此要求学生过于苛刻,在西方国家,小学生、甚至低年级中学生的课桌并不按排排列,有的围成方形,有的围成一圈,以达到不仅老师与学生,而且学生与学生间交流的目的。就学生姿势而言,只要不是躺着,或靠在别人身上,并不要求坐直。如果学生身体活动过多,或相互间交流过于频繁,超出了课堂活动所允许的范围,老师一般只是说"Please pay attention to…"或"Attention,please"或"May I have your attention",所以,"Sit well!"是Qinglish,而"Sit straight!"只是在中国教室这一特定条件下可以说的、无误的英语。
了解中国国情的native speakers毕竟不是多数
下面三句话意思很好,也没有语法错误,但不能说是好的英语,问题在哪儿呢?
1. Since liberation/1949 great changes have taken place in my home town.
2. My sister is a nurse;my brother is a PLA man.
3. The poor peasants talked about their happy life. They owed it to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.(贫农们谈论他们的幸福生活,并把它归功于中国共产党的领导。)
如果是说给懂英语的中国人听或写给中国人看,问题不大。几乎任何一个懂事的中国人都知道“解放”是指“1949中华人民共和国建立”,但是如果对象是English-speaking people,就可能出现问题,因为不了解中国历史的native speakers是多数。我们说惯了“自解放以来”,来做竖向比较,但许多外国人不明白。难怪有人误解成women's lib,那就是六十年代西方出现的的women's liberation movement(妇女解放运动)。最好把since liberation或since 1949写清楚为since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
同样,除了在中国逗留过一段时间的外国人之外,很少有人懂得什么是a PLA man.与其说My brother is a PLA man,不如说My brother is in the army/service,或My brother serves in the army,或My brother is a soldier/an army officer.
绝大多数English-speaking people不明白poor peasants有着特定的政治含义,“贫农”是个社会阶层。在英语里poor意思是“没钱,吃不饱,没有任何享受”;English-speaking people想“没钱过舒适生活的贫苦农民又怎能过上幸福生活呢?”在这种情况下,最好要有注解,让读者明白poor peasants的殊定含义。
She learned English through self-study,and she studied English very hard.这话有什么错
“自习”、“自学英语”、“自学成才”等由“自”组成的汉语译成英语时,初学者能想到前缀self-是好的。由前缀self-构成的词多达六七十个,如:
self-reliance(自力更生)
self-service(自我服务)
self-defence(自卫)
self-important(自高自大的)
self-sufficient(自给自足的)
self-setermination(自决)
但是我们常用的self-study尽管English-speaking people能懂,但并不是正确的英语。因此,不宜说She learned English through self-study;应该说Whe learned English on her own/by herself,或She taught herself English.我们常说的“培养自学能力”相应地可以译为We should cultivate our ability to study independently/on our own.而“自学课本”如译成self-study books也不宜,可以说teacher-yourself books或English self-taught.同样,“自习”应该是individual study.譬如:I'm taking six courses this semester,so I don't have much time for individual study(这个学期我选了六门课,所以自习时间不多。)
这句话里还有一个常见的错误,说study hard当然没有问题,但把“她努力学习英语”说成She studies English hard却不符合英语习惯。要表示出“努力学习”的对象,可以用work hard at something的形式。譬如:She works very hard at English.
Learn from somebody的真正含义是什么
有人把“我不会学你,因为我不象你有那么多钱”译成I won't learn from you,as I don't have as much money as you do.
这是错用learn from的例子。某人得知对方以160元买了条进口领带时说的,表示“我不打算学你”。Learn from是“学习某人的优点、经验、某种技术、知识”或“从某中吸取某种经验、教训”。而“我学你”是指“在某种行为上学你的样子”或“我效法你”的意思。正确的英语是follow one's example或follow suit.譬如:
Mary decided to help in the housework,and Sherry and Rebecca followed her example.(Mary决定帮忙干家务活,Sherry和Rebecca也跟着效法Mary.)
When one shop began to prolong its business hours all other shops along the same street followed suit.(一家铺开始延长营业时间,沿街所有别的商店也照方抓药。)
依此类推有时会出错
请先读一下下面这段报道:
Something went wrong with the tap,so I didn't have any water in the washroom. I wnet to the nearby housing maintenance station five times to ask for help. It was nearly half a year later that two workers were sent to my house to fix it.(这一段英语摘自<中国日报>,意思是:水龙头出了毛病,厕所里一点水也没有。我跑了五趟附近的房管所求助;半年以后才派两位工人来我家里修理。
绝大数学生把这段话看来看去觉得没什么毛病;有的把Something went wrong改为There was something wrong;有的把nearby放在station后面,并写成两个字。都没改错,可都没改在点子上。究竟错在哪里呢?我们说half-an hour是地道英语,但不能依此类推,“半个月”不是half a month,而是two weeks或a fortnight:“半年”不是half a year,而是six months,但“一年半”可以说a year and a half或eighteen months.
用crowded来修饰traffic大有人在
我们是否经常自己写或听到别人说这样的英语:
I‘m sure she'll be late for class because of the crowded traffic.又譬如:Traffic in Beijing is too crowded.但是traffic跟crowded是联系不上的。Traffic是the coming and going of vehicles and people(车辆和行人的来往),而crowded是某场所挤满人或东西的拥挤,或事情安排得紧紧的。可以说:The small room is crowded with broken chairs and desks.(小屋子里堆满了破损的桌椅。)I had a crowded week last month.(上个月有一个星期我极忙。)More people are trying to get into the crowded hall.(还有人想方设法进入人满为患的大厅)
中国话里“交通拥挤”的概念是“街上挤满了过往的车辆和行人”。因此,可以说:The streets are crowded with vehicles and people.显而易见,不能说:There is little traffic at this hour. Even the traffic policeman is nowhere to be found.(这会儿几乎没有过往车辆,连交通警也不见了。)
“你真熊!”是“You bear!”吗?
我听到有人说“You bear!You even didn't mention it!”(你真熊,你竟然没有提起它!)
汉语里可以用“熊”来表示“懦夫”、“胆小鬼”,但要是说You bear!肯定native speakers不明白。在英语中,尽管熊可以认为是凶猛、危险、笨拙之物,但却没有“怯懦”的意思;chicken倒是有“怯懦”的含意。把You bear改为You chicken就成了地道的英语了。如果有人对你说Don't be a chicken,你就会明白他是说Don’t be afraid,他在鼓励你。
用“白象”和“白翎”做商品牌子好吗?
我国一些产品牌子的英文译名,原意虽好,但因不符合英语国家的习俗而事与愿违。譬如说白象牌电池,看了英文译名我怀疑这个牌子的电池能否打入国际市场,先不提能否畅销。White elephant是指花钱买的废物的,不久就成为累赘的东西。可以想象人们看到White Elephant的中国产品时会怎么想。还有用“白翎”做牌子的钢笔;这个名字倒挺高雅,但译成英语却是White Feather,而它在英语中是有贬意的。例如短语to show white feather是“示弱”,“临阵脱逃”的意思。可以骂别人是a chicken或a coward(懦夫),要是收到一根白羽毛,那就比挨骂还受侮辱。靠这种不令人愉快的牌子去推销支怎么样呢?几年前天津一家钟表厂生产的出口闹钟取名“雄鸡”,英译名却是Cock,一些native speakers看了无不当笑料谈论。原来cock在俚语里是“阳具”。后来该厂把牌子改为同样表示“雄鸡”的Rooster.另一个有趣的例子是有一年某市友谊商店展销床上用品,货架上着一条宣传横幅,上面有两个字Happy Hour.很明显,商店的原意是想说“顾客在我店床上用品柜台选购称心如意的商品是个令人愉快的时光”。而在英语中happy hour通常是指下班后到吃饭前一到两个小时内,酒吧的酒水售价比其他时间便宜的“快乐时光”。我们可以想象native speakers看到床上用品和Happy hour会产生什么联想!所以,只考虑语言,不兼顾英语国家的文化是任何学习和使用英语的人应该忌讳的。
不要随便用aunt
在汉语里,象“叔叔”。“伯伯”。“师傅”一样,“阿姨”如此广泛使用以至到了混乱的地步。The ohter day two kind aunts took me to the hospital after the car accident.English-speaking people听了真可以理解为“你的两个好心的姨妈”。所以,不如把aunts改为women.此外,英语国家的孩子称呼别的孩子的父母,一般只是客气地用称呼语Mr,Mrs,而不把aunt,uncle接上姓当称呼语用,这跟中国情况不同。
Can“price”be cheap?
下面这句话中的典型错误表现在哪里呢?
I found not only the shop assistants had good manners but also the price of goods in that store was much cheaper.
“价钱贵或便宜”是汉语,但英语中cheap和expensive只修饰商品。货物,而用high和low来修饰price,wages,costs(成本),payments(报酬)等。所以,例句中的cheaper应该改为lower.
“玩”并不都是play
Last Sunday she went out and played with him.
汉语里常听到“跟谁出去玩”。但是“玩”可不都是像上面句中的play.应该记住Children play with each ohter/together,但换了adults就不行了。用正确的英语表达错句想说的意思可以是She was out with him last Sunday and they enjoyed themselves.又如我们常听到的“这个周末你愿意来我家玩吗?”决不能说Would you like to some to my house and play this weekend with family/in my house?还譬如,我们常说:“我们在北戴河玩几天,用英语表达可以是We spent a few days enjoying ourselves in Beidaihe或者是We spent a few days enjoying ourselves in Beidaihe或者是We spent a few days in Bedaihe and we had fun ther.总之,千万不要直译。
一天一个学生造句说:Both my parents were away on a business trip.I was left alone at home,so I could only play with myself.很清楚,她想说“没有在家,只有自己跟自己玩。”美国教员听了表情尴尬,又不便多解释,只是说native speaker会把play with oneself理解为masturbate(手淫),并把该字写在黑板上让学生自己去查。由此可见用play with时要小心。
非说warmly congratulate不可吗?
We warmly congratulate the soft opening of Sara Hotel.(我们热烈祝贺莎华饭店试营业。)
这句话有两个错误。我们不少人常把汉语的“热烈祝贺”译成warmly congratulate,认为副词warmly加强了congratulate;其实不然,英语中身的意思已经足够,用别的修饰反而分散读者或听者的注意力,从而削弱了主要意思。错误之二是congratulate接人或单位或国家,但不直接跟所祝贺的事。又譬如He congratulated what we had achieved也不正确。正确的用法是congratulate somebody on/for something,所以刚才话应改为:We congratulate on the soft opening of Sara Hotel及He congratulated us on/for what we had achieved.下面再请看三句正确的句子以加深印象。
When we learned about their success,we sent them a telegram to congratulate them.
I congratulated her for her new discovery.
My classmates congratulated me on my birthday.
复数名词congratulations常用做祝贺词,如:Congratulations!It's your silver wedding anniversary,isn't it?但要注意,英美人结婚,如对新郎说congratulations!他必会很高兴地说Thanks或其他表示谢意的话,但千万不要对新娘也说Congratulations,这样她反而会不愉快,认为你说她“骗到一个好丈夫”。对新娘的祝贺可以是I wish you every happiness(我祝你永远幸福)。从这个例子再次看到了不同民族的文化上的区别。
又一个典型的Qinglish例子
A:Where did you get the meaning of the phrase?
B:I simply guessed the meaning out.
初学者喜欢按中国话习惯把“猜出来”套在英语里,结果一个不符合习惯的guess something out.Guess既有“猜测”又有“猜出”的意思。应该记住guess后面直接加宾语就可以。可以说guess one's age,guess the cause(猜测原因),guess the outcome(猜测结果),guess someone’s thought等等。当然,跟从句也可以,就是不要说guess out.
Make friends with somebody“是交朋友”吗?
回答是既“是”也“不是”。如果用在下面这句话里就错了:
Diana has been making friends with Harmon for three months;however,to my knowledge,nothing serious has yet happened.(Diana和Harmon朋友交了三个月了,但据我所知他们仍然保持着一般关系。)
这句话初学者用make friends with somebody来表示汉语里的“谈恋爱交朋友”的典型错误。Make friends with somebody是“结识某人”,“和某人友好”的“交朋友”。在接触过程中当然有可能发展成恋爱以至婚姻关系,但这不是这个短语的原意。下面两句话里make friends with用法都正确。
Wherever he goes he makes friends(他走到哪儿,交朋友到哪儿。)
I simply can't make friends with my next-door neighbor. He seems to be always cold to others.(我简直没法跟隔壁邻居交朋友wb对人好象总是冷冰冰的。)
有人把男女交往的“交朋友”译成be in love,这也不恰当,那说明已有恋爱关系,或一方对另一方已产生爱情。我们认为接近英语的说法是date(with)somebody/have a date with somebody/see somebody/ go out with somebody/ go out on a date with somebody.譬如说:
A:How's Ben?
B:He's going out with Susan frequently.(他经常和Susan约会。)
需要指出的是,由于文化传统不同,在西方国家为了了解异性,认识自己,接触社会,学习如何处世,男女青年在家长帮助下,较早地开始与异性交际,有dates,但不意味着在谈恋爱。当然,年龄增长后,经常固定date某一个人,也就是go steady with somebody,一般会发展成恋爱或婚姻关系。所以我们前面指出用date等词语来表示汉语的“谈恋爱的交朋友”较好。
不少中国学生用appointment来取代date是不恰当的。前者通常是指“与别人谈工作、谈生意或与医生、理发师等事先约定的见面”。请比较下面两句:
She has an appointment with the dentist this afternoon.
She has a date with the dentist this afternoon.
第一句是:她和牙医预约好了下午去看病。
第二句是:她跟她那牙医朋友下午有约会。
是Are you married?还是Have you married?
用marry时,错误也经常有。英语中要了解某的婚姻状况不宜问Have you married?倒不是语法上有毛病而是不符合习惯。可以问Are you married?或Are you married or single?
而最容易出的错误是把“同某人结婚”说成marry with somebody.原因是受了汉语“跟谁结婚”的影响。实际上marry当及物动词用,已经有“同谁”的含义。可以直接说:She married a high school teacher last month就行了,或者说:She and a high school teacher got married last month.不宜说She and a high school teacher married last month.
下面的例子里marry都是不及物动词:He married young.(他成家早。)I will never marry again.不过with是可以跟名词marriage搭配。譬如:Finally he decided to dissolve his marriage with her.(最后他决定跟她解除婚约。)His marriage with Joan is much talked about.(人们对他和Joan的婚事议论纷纷。)
当然上面两句中的with改为to也是可以。
不要说divorce with somebody
用divorce时,不少人还是受汉语的影响,用with表示“跟谁离婚”。正确的说法是:He divorced her;she divorced him,谁是主语谁就主动。有些字典只提到divorce是及物动词,但实际它可以当不及物动词用,虽然不如及物动词普通。因此,My parents were divorced ten years ago和My parents divorced ten years ago都可以认为是对的。而用名词divorce时,介词用from如:
She demanded a divorce from her husband.注意:也不用with.
A hard day's work看着别扭吗?
很多人会把“辛勤劳累一天后,疲累的人们站在长队里耐心等候公共汽车”写成“Long patient queues wait wearily for buses after a day of hard work.”A day of hard work似乎挺有英语味,但却不符合习惯。那么该怎么表达才对呢?请看几句1989年北京京伦饭店客房广告,试着把规律找出来。
After a hard day's work you think of…in your house.
原来“辛勤的一天”是a hard day's work,而不是a day of hard work.
After a busy day's rushing about you think of…in your family.
原来“到处奔忙的一天”是a busy day's rushing about,而不是a day of busily rushing about.
After an exhausting day's listening and talking you think of…of your home.
而洽谈生意或参加会议的人的“听别人谈自己说而劳累的一天”是an exhausting day's listening and talking,不是a day of exhaustedly listening and talking.
《新概念英语》第二册第73课用的是a quiet day's fishing,原文是这样的:
Little boys who play truant from school are unimaginative. A quiet day's fishing,or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again,is usually as far as they get.(逃学的孩子是缺乏想象力的,悠闲地钓一天鱼,在电影院里坐上八个钟头,一遍又一遍地看同一部电影,他们通常能做的也就是这些了。)
如果用公式概括,可以是:a/an + adj. + day's +noun/gerund(不定冠+形容词+day's+名词或动名词)
我现在用这个公式来表达当今某些人的想法:
People are still willing to do an honest day's work. The trouble is they want a week's pay for it.
不要直译“根据Smith先生的意见”
直译“根据Smith先生的意见”是according to Mr. Smith's opinion,这是逐字翻译的不符合英语习惯的必然结果。实际上,according to一般不跟opinion.直接说according to someone就是“某人的意见/想法/看法是……”。用opinion的话,就说in someone's opinion.所以下面的例句是正确的:According to Albert/In Albert's opinion,the teaching staff should be enlarged before it is too late.(Albert的看法是应该及时增加教员人数。)
但要小心,下面的说法又有毛病了:
According to Mr. Fu,we whould extend the program. But according to us,ten lectures are more than enough.
两次用according to都没有跟opinion,怎么又不合适了呢?原来是according to后面不跟me或us,应说in my /our opinion.譬如:
In my opinion,we don't have to keep him for another academic year.(依我之见,我们没必要再续聘他一学年。)
“又”或“再”不能总机械地译做again
Again虽说是个小词,但初学者同样容易用错。Again是“又”、“再”的意思,但“又”、“再”不能机械地全译做again.如“当地政府决定再建一座水库”,不能说成:
The local government decided to build a reservoir again.应该是:
The local government decided to build another reservoir.
Again是修饰动词的副词,它再一次重复动词的行动。水库已经建成,再把它修建,显然讲不通。可以说:
At the meeting he again stressed the importance of practice.
1991年高考英语试卷书面表达题所提供的情况里虽然没有提到“又”或“再”,但许多考生表达“孙淑伟一年后夺得十一届亚运会金,今年年初获第六届世界游泳锦标赛冠军”时,错误地用了again而写出这样的句子:
…,and early this year he became a champion again at the 6th World Swimming Championships.有地点状语,又有again,使人理解成孙淑伟在过去世界游泳锦标赛上得过冠军,而这次又拿到金牌。
即使是便利原先的情况,只能用again修饰动词,而用another修饰名词或名词短语。如果一个人在大门口等了他的女朋友半个小时,又等了半个小时,可以说:
He waited for her at the gate for another half an hour.
同样,要表示“我又付了五十元”是:
I paid another 50 dollars,而不是I paid 50 dollars again.
“舞会”是a dancing party吗?
不少人用英语表示“舞会”时,常常就用party以为party总有跳舞,否则就说a dancing party.
西方国家,尤其是美国人喜欢聚会,除了birthday party,wedding party以外,有各种名堂的party,如apple-picking party(摘苹果郊游会);brown-bag party(自带食品聚会,因为食品装在棕色牛此纸口袋里,去超级市场买东西时售货员都用这种纸口袋);Christmas tree-trimming party(一边唱歌跳舞,一边装圣诞树的圣诞树装饰聚会;参加者常常需要带一两件小装饰品,以自制的为好);cocktail party(鸡尾酒会,因酒的顔色象公鸡尾巴,所以叫cocktail party;通常在下午举行,时间不长,一个多小时,可以晚到早走,很随便);fall foliage party(秋天观景郊游会,美国东北部几个州的人常说的Let's go and see the color,就是指这种郊游会stag party(只有男人参加的男人交谊会);house-warming party(暖房聚会,有人乔迁新居后,友人带着小到牙签、火柴,大到厨房用具的礼品,祝贺主人新生活开始的聚会);garden party(游园会);quilting party(妇女边聊天边织毛活的聚会);gay party(同性恋者的聚会);marijuana party(是吸食大麻者的聚会;往往到会者席地而坐,一根接着一根抽着大麻烟)。而舞会则是a dance或a ball.A dancing party属于Qinglish,但并不是dancing party这个说法。如果party表示“一方”,dancing party就可能是指出现在商业合同或法律文化上“承担跳舞义务的人”。
是fall off不是fall down from one's bike
中国是个自行车王国,在日常生活中时而出现和自行车有关的英语。人们习惯上说I fell down from my bike and injured my shoulder,又喜欢把“从自行车上下来”译成come down from one's bike,这虽然不是语法错误,但不符合习惯。正确的说法是:
I fell off my bike and injured my shoulder.
Everybody is required to get off his or her bike at the entrance.
见怪不怪的How to spell the name?
Receptionist:Front Desk. Could I help you?
I:Yes. Could you take a message for a guest in Room 1013?I just tried to call him,but there was no answer.
Receptionist:Sure. How to spell the name?
这段话毛病出在最后一句上。从实中学生到大学英语专业学生,从合资饭店接待员到政府机构译员,不少人理所当然地说着How to spell the name/word?遗憾的是,这是个不被人注意的、不符合英语习惯的普遍错误。应该说:How do you spell the word/name?或者How is the word/name spell?
当然不是说how to spell这个短语本身有误,而是不宜直接当做问题来问。完全可以说:Could you tell me how to spell the name,sir?
如何理解class of 1952
Members of the class of 1952 will be meeting to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the founding of their Alma Mater.(1952级将聚会庆祝母校八十周年校庆。)
这句话本身并没有错,问题在于native speakers如何理解。汉语的“1952级同学”并没有说明是中小学同学,还是大学同学。一翻成英语,出现了the class of 1952,就可能有两种解释:class用做由固定的学生、有自己固定的教师、甚至固定教员而组成一个集体,也就是做“教学班”讲时,是指中小学的班级;在西方国家,大学生各人选课不一样,跨系上课很普遍,每人手总学分所花时间也并不一样,可以说没有固定的班级。但是the class of 1952可以理解成1952年毕业的那一届。需要注意的是the class of 1952在我国是指1952年入学的那一届。
我国的大学不仅有class,还有grade,native speakers看了觉得挺有趣,因为在英语国家,只是中小学才有grade或form,如Tom is a sixth grader.而大学一年级学生叫freshman,二年级学生是sophomore,三年级学生叫junior,四年级学生是senior.一个大学生说I'm a junior,而不会说I'm in Grade 3或I‘m a third grader.
In the telephone
“在电话里”,“在电话上”,汉语可以这么说,但英语却没有in the phone,倒是可以说on the phone或者over the phone.例如:
Last night I talked with my son abroad for an hour on/over the phone.
有时听到有人说by phone,也对,那只是美国英语而已。
别忘了宾语
用discuss和deny时常见错误的性质一样,我们常会听到We'll discuss in a moment和The teacher accused him of cheating but he denied这样的英语。错误的原因是受了汉语的干扰,忘了discuss和deny是及物动词,后面要有宾语。下面是错误和正确的例子:
Wrong:When shall we discuss?
Right:When shall we discuss it/ the plan/ the report,etc?
Wrong:The teacher accused him of cheating but he denied.
Right:The teacher accused him of cheating but he denied it.
Or The teacher accused him of cheating but he denied that he had.
还有一点用discuss时要注意:因为我们常说“关于……的讨论”,就在英语里加上about,这样一来又把discuss当成不及物动词了。下面句中的about应该去掉:
The seminar will be discussing about the economic reform in China.(研讨会将会讨论中国的经济改革。)
我在中学听课,注意到叫学生把书包、笔等东西拿到前面当教具用时,老师常说Bring here!同样犯了直译汉语的错误。
画蛇添足的go back home
中国人喜欢说go back home,譬如:I'm sorry,but I've got to go back home. Otherwise,my family will become worried about me.很多native speakers会认为是redundant(多余的)。Home可以是副词,本身就表示“回家”,那个back看来是画蛇添足。通常只需说He went home或He went back就行了。相必大家注意到,有些人喊“滚回老家去!”不就是“…go home!”而没有喊“…go back home”吧。
但话又得说回来,不是说go back home就绝对不能用。
譬如说,你和爱人出门去上班,突然你想起忘了拿什么东西,非得回去取,这时说:What a shame!I've got to go back home to fetch it倒也听起来顺耳,也不觉得redundant.但在一般情况下还是说go home或go back为宜。
